diff --git a/port/fast3d/gfx_opengl.cpp b/port/fast3d/gfx_opengl.cpp
index 66e5aea1..532a2a69 100644
--- a/port/fast3d/gfx_opengl.cpp
+++ b/port/fast3d/gfx_opengl.cpp
@@ -1083,7 +1083,15 @@ extern "C" bool gfx_opengl_dump_bound_fbo(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, const
     size_t n = (size_t)width * height * 3;
     uint8_t* pixels = (uint8_t*)malloc(n);
     if (!pixels) return false;
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+    glReadBuffer(GL_BACK);
+    glPixelStorei(GL_PACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
+    glFinish();
     glReadPixels(0, 0, (GLsizei)width, (GLsizei)height, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+    {
+        GLenum e = glGetError();
+        if (e) sysLogPrintf(LOG_WARNING, "dump_bound_fbo: glReadPixels err 0x%x (%ux%u)", (unsigned)e, width, height);
+    }
     FILE* f = fopen(path, "wb");
     if (!f) { free(pixels); return false; }
     fprintf(f, "P6\n%u %u\n255\n", width, height);
@@ -1199,7 +1207,11 @@ bool gfx_opengl_start_draw_to_framebuffer(int fb_id, float noise_scale) {
         if (noise_scale != 0.0f) {
             current_noise_scale = 1.0f / noise_scale;
         }
-        glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fb.fbo);
+        /* fb_id 0 is the on-screen target: bind the window's default
+         * framebuffer (GL name 0), not framebuffers[0].fbo (a generated but
+         * attachment-less FBO -> incomplete -> nothing renders on a strict
+         * GL implementation like Mesa/llvmpipe). */
+        glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fb_id == 0 ? 0 : fb.fbo);
         current_framebuffer = fb_id;
         return true;
     } else {
diff --git a/port/fast3d/gfx_sdl2.cpp b/port/fast3d/gfx_sdl2.cpp
index 8bdac3e5..ce1a7650 100644
--- a/port/fast3d/gfx_sdl2.cpp
+++ b/port/fast3d/gfx_sdl2.cpp
@@ -427,10 +427,19 @@ static inline void sync_framerate_with_timer(void) {
     previous_time = t;
 }
 
+/* Optional hook run with the freshly-composited frame still in the back
+ * buffer, immediately before the swap. video.c uses it for GE_PCDUMP /
+ * screenshots: reading the back buffer AFTER SDL_GL_SwapWindow is undefined
+ * on buffer-exchange drivers (Mesa, WSLg) and yields a black capture. */
+extern "C" void (*gfx_pre_swap_hook)(void) = NULL;
+
 static void gfx_sdl_swap_buffers_begin(void) {
     if (target_fps) {
         sync_framerate_with_timer();
     }
+    if (gfx_pre_swap_hook) {
+        gfx_pre_swap_hook();
+    }
     SDL_GL_SwapWindow(wnd);
 }
 
diff --git a/port/src/video.c b/port/src/video.c
index 4bb774ba..9e87305f 100644
--- a/port/src/video.c
+++ b/port/src/video.c
@@ -100,6 +100,10 @@ static u32 frames = 0;
 /* Set by the host event pump (F12), consumed on the render thread in
  * videoEndFrame where a GL context is current. */
 static volatile int screenshotReq = 0;
+
+/* Pre-swap capture hook (defined below, registered in videoInit). */
+static void videoPreSwapCapture(void);
+extern void (*gfx_pre_swap_hook)(void);
 static double fpsWindowStart = 0.0;
 static int fpsNumFrames = 0;
 static float vidAvgFPS = 0.f;
@@ -172,6 +176,8 @@ int videoInit(void)
      * still needs a current context on this thread. */
     gfx_sdl_release_context();
 
+    gfx_pre_swap_hook = videoPreSwapCapture;
+
     initDone = 1;
     sysLogPrintf(LOG_INFO, "video: %dx%d window (native %dx%d)",
                  (int)gfx_current_dimensions.width, (int)gfx_current_dimensions.height,
@@ -289,18 +295,13 @@ void videoSubmitCommands(Gfx *cmds)
     gfx_run(cmds);
 }
 
-void videoEndFrame(void)
+/* Runs from gfx_sdl_swap_buffers_begin with the composited frame still in the
+ * back buffer, just before SDL_GL_SwapWindow. Reading the back buffer after
+ * the swap is undefined on buffer-exchange drivers (Mesa/WSLg) -> black. */
+static void videoPreSwapCapture(void)
 {
-    if (!initDone) {
-        return;
-    }
-    gfx_end_frame();
-
-    /* TEMP D70 (env-gated, debug-only, env-gated): GE_PCDUMP="first-last"
-     * or "first-last:step" dumps the presented frame as ./ppm/frame_NNNNNN.ppm
-     * (one frame behind real time — read happens after SwapWindow). Used to
-     * pixel-verify the intro's 3D content. Also honours [Debug] FrameDump in
-     * ge007.ini (env var wins). */
+    /* GE_PCDUMP="first-last" / "first-last:step" -> ./ppm/frame_NNNNNN.ppm.
+     * Also honours [Debug] FrameDump in ge007.ini (env var wins). */
     const char *pcdump = configGetFrameDump();
     if (pcdump) {
         static int lo = -1, hi = 0, step = 1;
@@ -335,6 +336,14 @@ void videoEndFrame(void)
             sysLogPrintf(LOG_WARNING, "video: screenshot failed");
         }
     }
+}
+
+void videoEndFrame(void)
+{
+    if (!initDone) {
+        return;
+    }
+    gfx_end_frame();
 
     ++frames;
     ++fpsNumFrames;